Earth Day Week: Unpacking Its Importance and Impact

A vibrant Earth Day celebration featuring diverse community activities

Nature Topic Overview

Earth Day Week is more than just a day on the calendar. It is a dedicated time to reflect on the environment and our role in preserving it. Originating in the early 1970s, Earth Day has evolved into a global event celebrated annually on April 22. The week surrounding this date serves as an opportunity for educational institutions, communities, and families to engage in activities that promote environmental awareness and sustainability. The significance of this week lies not only in its historical context but also in its capacity to cultivate a strong connection between children and nature. Through structured activities, educational resources, and collective action, young minds can develop a sense of responsibility toward the environment.

Fun Facts and Trivia

Here are some interesting facts about Earth Day Week that might grab the attention of young readers:

The first Earth Day was celebrated on April 22, 1970, attracting 20 million participants in the U.S.
More than 190 countries now participate in Earth Day activities.
Over 1 billion people worldwide participate in Earth Day events every year.
The theme for Earth Day changes each year to address urgent environmental issues.

Visual aids can enhance learning. Posters, infographics, and interactive displays can help children visualize the impact of pollution, conservation efforts, and the beauty of nature.

Wildlife Explorations

Earth Day Week opens doors for children to explore various species that inhabit our planet. Understanding wildlife is essential in teaching conservation. Here are a few species that are important to ecological balance:

Bald Eagles: These majestic birds are a symbol of strength and resilience. Learning about their habitats can teach children about wetland conservation.
Redwoods: These towering trees can live for over 2,000 years. Children can learn about the importance of forests in combating climate change.
Coral Reefs: Known as the "rainforests of the sea," these ecosystems support diverse marine life.

Quizzes or puzzles related to these species can enhance engagement, reinforcing their learning. For instance, a matching game could link animals to their respective habitats.

Environmental Awareness

Understanding conservation is vital for the future. Children must grasp why protecting the environment is essential. They can help through small yet impactful actions:

Reducing waste: Learn to recycle paper, plastics, and metals.
Conserving water: Simple actions like turning off the tap while brushing teeth can make a difference.
Planting trees: This not only beautifies the environment but also helps improve air quality.

By fostering an awareness of these practices, children learn to become stewards of the earth and develop habits that last a lifetime.

DIY Nature Activities

Hands-on activities can make learning about nature enjoyable. Here are some suggestions:

Seed Bombs: Mix native seeds with clay and compost. Children can throw them in a garden or vacant lot to encourage plant growth.
Nature Journal: Encourage kids to draw or write about their observations during outdoor explorations. This will help them connect with their surroundings.
Bird Feeders: Simple feeders can attract local birds. Use pinecones, peanut butter, and birdseed for homemade feeders.

Step-by-step guides can make these activities accessible. Families and teachers can create opportunities for children to engage with nature and apply what they learn in a hands-on manner.

Foreword to Earth Day Week

Understanding Earth Day Week is essential in promoting environmental stewardship among young audiences. This segment serves to bridge the gap between awareness and action. It highlights the ongoing challenges our planet faces and the necessary urgency to instill actionable knowledge in children. Through Earth Day Week, communities come together to reflect on environmental issues and commit to positive changes. The benefits are substantial; it encourages children to develop a sense of responsibility towards the environment while providing parents and educators with tools to foster this awareness.

Defining Earth Day Week

Earth Day Week encompasses the days leading up to Earth Day, which is observed on April 22nd. This period allows individuals and communities to engage in various activities aimed at raising awareness about environmental challenges and inspiring proactive measures. The week serves as a platform for discussions, educational initiatives, and events that embrace sustainability. The focus is often on habitat conservation, pollution reduction, and climate change, integrating these topics into school curricula and family discussions.

Historical Context

The roots of Earth Day can be traced back to the late 1960s. It began as a response to rising concerns about pollution and environmental degradation. The first Earth Day was celebrated on April 22, 1970, and it marked a pivotal moment in ecology and public consciousness. Key figures, such as Gaylord Nelson, were instrumental in organizing events that highlighted the urgent need for environmental legislation. In 1970, an estimated 20 million Americans participated in the first Earth Day, laying the groundwork for future advocacy.

The influence of Earth Day has since grown globally, prompting over 190 countries to participate in this annual observance. It has contributed to major environmental laws, such as the Clean Air Act and the Clean Water Act in the United States. Today, Earth Day Week recognizes historical achievements while encouraging ongoing efforts towards protecting our planet.

The Origins of Earth Day

The inception of Earth Day plays a crucial role in understanding its ongoing significance. This annual event, celebrated on April 22nd, serves not just as a date, but as a pivotal milestone in environmental consciousness. It symbolizes a collective call to action aimed at protecting our planet. By examining the origins of this observance, we can appreciate its impact on shaping environmental attitudes and policies around the globe.

Key Figures and Events

The story of Earth Day begins in the 1960s, a time when pollution and environmental degradation were becoming overwhelming issues. A few key figures emerged during this period. Gaylord Nelson, a U.S. Senator from Wisconsin, is often credited as the founder of Earth Day. He was moved by the 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill, which spurred him to take action. Nelson organized the first Earth Day event on April 22, 1970.

This event attracted 20 million Americans from diverse backgrounds, coming together to voice their concerns for a healthier environment. Potentially inspired by the efforts of activists like Rachel Carson, whose book Silent Spring raised awareness of pesticide use, Earth Day became a national platform for environmental issues. The movement garnered political attention, leading to the establishment of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and significant environmental legislation, including the Clean Air Act and the Clean Water Act.

"Earth Day represents a new way for the world to recognize our responsibility to protect the planet."

Global Adoption

The success of the first Earth Day sparked global interest. By 1990, Earth Day had evolved into a worldwide phenomenon. Over 140 countries participated, and the movement continued to expand, promoting recycling and renewable energy initiatives. The unity displayed on this day underscored a shared commitment to safeguard the environment.

Today, Earth Day is celebrated in some form in over 190 countries. This widespread participation demonstrates a global acknowledgment of the intricate relationship between human actions and environmental health. The ongoing observance serves as a reminder of the collective responsibility and actions needed to foster a sustainable future for generations to come. Earth Day not only commemorates environmental achievements but also emphasizes the urgency of ongoing efforts to protect our planet.

Significance of Earth Day Week

Earth Day Week holds profound importance in raising awareness about environmental issues. This period serves as a reminder for individuals, families, and communities to reflect on their impact on the planet. The significance lies not only in the events and activities that occur, but also in the education and engagement that takes place, enhancing the understanding of sustainability among all age groups, especially children.

Children planting trees and learning about conservation

Environmental Education

Environmental education plays a crucial role during Earth Day Week. It helps young minds grasp the complexities of nature and conservation. Understanding concepts like recycling, pollution, and ecosystems fosters a sense of responsibility towards the environment. Schools and organizations often tailor their programs to engage children interactively. This includes hands-on activities, interactive workshops, and outdoor lessons.

Children learn about local flora and fauna, understand recycling processes, and discover the importance of maintaining a balanced ecosystem. Research shows that early education in environmental science creates lifelong advocates for sustainability. By exposing children to nature and environmental ethical considerations, Earth Day Week nurtures their ability to think critically about ecological challenges they may encounter in the future.

Encouraging Civic Responsibility

Earth Day Week also emphasizes civic responsibility. Engaging in community projects, such as local cleanups, educates children on the collective effort needed to care for the environment. Understandably, when children participate in activities that benefit their community, they develop a deeper sense of belonging.

Through these experiences, civic engagement grows. Children not only learn the importance of volunteering but also see firsthand the impact of their actions on the community. Parents and educators can encourage participation by highlighting successful community cleanup events, tree-planting initiatives, and workshops. This involvement changes attitudes and instills a mindset of proactive engagement with environmental issues.

"The greatest danger to our planet is the belief that someone else will save it."
Robert Swan

Activities for Earth Day Week

Engaging in activities during Earth Day Week provides valuable opportunities for families and communities to reinforce environmental awareness. This week serves as a catalyst for collective action and learning, emphasizing the importance of preserving our planet. Participating in organized events nurtures a sense of responsibility and care for the environment among children and adults alike.

Community Clean-Up Events

Community clean-up events play a crucial role in fostering a cleaner and healthier local environment. These gatherings often bring together individuals and families, encouraging teamwork in addressing litter and waste.

When children participate in these clean-ups, they learn about the impact of trash on natural habitats. For instance, they may see firsthand how plastic pollution affects wildlife. This experiential learning solidifies the message that every small action contributes to the larger goal of environmental stewardship.

Additionally, clean-ups instill civic pride. As participants clear an area, they can immediately see the difference their efforts make, leading to a sense of accomplishment. Organizers can promote these events through local schools or community centers, maximizing participation and community engagement.

Tree Planting Initiatives

Planting trees during Earth Day Week is another impactful activity that provides long-term environmental benefits. Trees contribute to cleaner air, improved climate conditions, and enhanced biodiversity. Engaging children in planting trees can instill a lasting appreciation for nature.

Involving local organizations and schools can enhance participation. Classes can organize trips to local parks or green spaces to plant trees. Lessons can accompany these activities, discussing the importance of trees in ecosystems and their role in combating climate change.

Moreover, children can watch the trees grow over time, creating a lasting bond between them and their contribution to nature. Tree planting can also serve as a memorial or celebration of special occasions, further motivating families to participate.

Educational Workshops

Educational workshops during Earth Day Week provide vital knowledge on environmental issues and practical solutions. These workshops can cover various topics, such as recycling, composting, and energy conservation.

Hosting workshops in schools or local community centers allows children to engage interactively with the content. For instance, hands-on activities, such as creating compost bins or building birdhouses, deepen understanding and enhance interest in sustainability.

The inclusion of experts, such as local conservationists or environmental scientists, can add credibility and excitement to these workshops. Parents can also benefit, learning alongside their children, creating a shared commitment to environmental issues.

"Education is not the learning of facts, but the training of the mind to think." - Albert Einstein

Overall, activities during Earth Day Week play a significant role in building awareness and fostering a connection to the environment. Active participation invites both children and adults to learn, reflect, and participate in the collective goal of sustainability.

Role of Educational Institutions

Educational institutions play a crucial role in shaping environmental awareness among younger generations. They serve as primary platforms where children aged 5-12 years can gain critical knowledge and skills necessary for understanding and addressing environmental issues. The integration of environmental education within schools not only informs children about the significance of conservation but also empowers them to take actionable steps in their own lives.

Incorporating environmental concepts into lessons enhances the understanding of local ecosystems, promotes sustainable practices, and cultivates attitudes that favor conservation. Through hands-on experiences and interactive learning, schools can foster a sense of responsibility and stewardship toward the environment. Developing these values early is vital; children are more likely to carry these lessons into adulthood.

"Education is not the filling of a pail, but the lighting of a fire."
– William Butler Yeats

Moreover, educational institutions can create a supportive community for parents and caregivers. This involvement is essential in promoting environmental literacy outside the classroom. The collaboration fosters an environment where families can engage with the content learned at school, reinforcing lessons at home and in the community.

Incorporating Nature into Curriculum

Incorporating nature into the curriculum allows students to explore and understand their environment more deeply. Hands-on learning experiences, such as outdoor classes or field trips to natural reserves, impact children significantly. Engaging with nature firsthand helps solidify abstract concepts in various subjects like science and geography.

Benefits of incorporating nature include:

Enhancing Critical Thinking: Students learn to observe and analyze natural phenomena.
Boosting Mental Health: Interaction with the outdoors is linked to improved mood and focus.
Strengthening Eco-consciousness: Early exposure to nature fosters appreciation and respect for the environment.

Activities such as planting trees, caring for school gardens, or conducting simple experiments demonstrate ecological principles in a tangible way. When children see the direct impact of their actions, they are more likely to develop a lifelong commitment to protecting the Earth.

Engaging Parents and Communities

Engaging parents and communities in environmental education is essential in creating a holistic approach to environmental awareness. Schools can promote family involvement through initiatives that encourage participation in Earth Day Week activities. These initiatives include community clean-ups, workshops, and tree-planting events, all of which help to strengthen the bond between education and real-world actions.

Strategies for engaging parents and communities may involve:

Workshops and Seminars: Schools can host events that educate families about sustainability.
Notification and Involvement: Regular updates can inform about ongoing projects related to environmental education.
Creating Partnerships: Collaborating with local organizations can enhance resources and support.

Infographic showcasing the history and significance of Earth Day Week

When families feel involved, they are more likely to understand the importance of environmental issues and actively contribute to solutions. They can share insights, experiences, and knowledge that foster a community ethos centered around sustainability. This collective effort ultimately instills values that resonate beyond school walls.

Digital Resources for Earth Day Week

In an increasingly digital world, online tools play a vital role in enhancing environmental awareness. Digital resources are essential for engaging various age groups, particularly children. These resources enrich learning experiences and provide avenues for understanding complex environmental issues simply and interactively.

Engaging with digital platforms allows children to access a wealth of information about their environment. It promotes critical thinking and encourages them to explore solutions to ecological challenges. From online learning to interactive activities, these resources ensure that concepts of sustainability resonate well with today's tech-savvy youth.

Online Learning Platforms

Online learning platforms are essential for children aged 5 to 12. They provide educational content that is not only informative but also engaging. Websites such as Khan Academy and National Geographic Kids offer courses and materials focusing on earth sciences, wildlife conservation, and climate action. These platforms foster a comprehensive understanding of critical environmental issues.

Benefits of utilizing online learning platforms include:

Accessibility: Children can access materials anytime, making learning flexible.
Variety of Media: Videos, quizzes, and interactive modules cater to different learning styles.
Community Engagement: Many platforms include discussion forums where users can connect and exchange ideas.

Interactive Activities for Children

Interactive activities specifically designed for children can make learning about the environment fun. These activities not only captivate young minds but also help solidify their understanding of eco-friendly practices. Websites or apps that feature interactive games and quizzes can enhance learning experiences. Moreover, these platforms often integrate short videos or animations to illustrate concepts vividly.

Examples of interactive activities include:

Virtual Nature Walks: Children can explore various ecosystems from home, observing wildlife and plant life.
Eco-Quizzes: Fun quizzes can test their knowledge on topics like recycling and biodiversity.
DIY Projects: Online guides encourage children to create eco-friendly crafts, like bird feeders or home gardens.

"Digital resources empower young learners to connect with environmental issues in creative and meaningful ways."

Through the integration of digital tools, parents and educators can create a dynamic learning environment that emphasizes the significance of Earth Day Week. This engagement helps to nurture a generation that is not only aware but also enthusiastic about protecting their natural world.

Celebrating Earth Day Week at Home

Celebrating Earth Day Week at home plays a crucial role in raising awareness about environmental issues among families. It provides an opportunity for parents and children to engage in meaningful activities that promote a deeper understanding of the planet they inhabit. This section explores how families can participate in Earth Day Week, focusing on the benefits and considerations of home-centered celebrations. By fostering a collective sense of responsibility, families can not only contribute to environmental well-being but also nurture their own connections to nature.

Family Projects

Family projects during Earth Day Week can vary in scale and impact. Initiating collaborative efforts to reduce waste, for instance, can be both educational and rewarding. Here are some ideas for projects:

Recycling Challenge: Families can set a goal to increase their recycling efforts. This may involve sorting recyclables more diligently or finding creative ways to reuse items that they might otherwise discard.
DIY Furniture or Art: Use recyclable materials to build something useful or artistic. This project teaches creativity and sustainability and can become a shared family treasure.
Environmental Pledge: Encourage family members to write commitment letters regarding environmental practices they wish to adopt, such as reducing plastic use or conserving water. This instills a sense of ownership and responsibility.

Through these projects, families not only learn about sustainability but also spend quality time together, strengthening their bonds.

Gardening and Outdoor Activities

Gardening is an exceptional way to celebrate Earth Day Week at home. It allows children to observe the growth cycle while learning about plants and ecosystems. Here are some outdoor activities to engage in:

Plant a Garden: Families can start their vegetable or flower gardens. This activity not only provides fresh produce but also teaches children about the importance of biodiversity and local food sources.
Nature Walks: Exploring local parks or nature trails deepens the understanding of local ecosystems. Families can take this time to observe wildlife and learn about native plant species.
Create a Backyard Habitat: Families can design spaces that attract birds, butterflies, and beneficial insects. Building birdhouses or planting wildflowers can encourage wildlife visits.

"Gardening is a way of showing that you believe in tomorrow. "

These activities do not only focus on environmental education but also promote physical activity and a sense of accomplishment.

Celebrating Earth Day Week at home nurtures responsibility towards the environment and enhances the knowledge of ecological systems. These practices are essential for encouraging the next generation to cherish and protect their surroundings.

Fostering a Connection to Nature

Fostering a connection to nature is an essential element of Earth Day Week, emphasizing the importance of understanding and appreciating our environment. Such connections can transform children’s attitudes and behaviors towards nature, prompting them to explore it more deeply. Engagement with the natural world cultivates curiosity and a sense of responsibility for its well-being.

This connection provides numerous benefits. When children spend time outdoors, they develop a better understanding of local ecosystems. They learn about the plants and animals that populate their surroundings, which helps to form a more profound respect for life. Being in nature can also enhance creativity, as children can observe patterns, colors, and textures that inspire their imagination. Furthermore, such experiences contribute positively to mental well-being, reducing stress and enhancing focus in children.

One must consider factors that can hinder this connection. Urban environments may limit exposure to nature, making it challenging for families to engage in outdoor activities. Additionally, the prevalence of screens in children’s lives often leads to less time spent exploring the outdoors. It is crucial to address these barriers, advocating for both intentional outdoor time and community initiatives that prioritize green spaces.

"Connecting with nature allows children to become stewards of the environment, inspiring them to take action to preserve it."

By fostering this connection, Earth Day Week can be an important catalyst for a lifetime of environmental stewardship. Parents, educators, and communities must unite to create opportunities and experiences that promote outdoor engagement for children of all ages.

Understanding Local Ecosystems

Understanding local ecosystems is vital for children as they begin to form connections with their environment. Ecosystems are intricate networks where organisms interact with one another and their surroundings. By learning about these relationships, children can grasp the delicate balance of nature.

Activities geared towards this understanding can include nature walks, where children can identify various plants and animals or even local water bodies. Hands-on experiences help solidify knowledge. Citizen science projects can further involve children in monitoring local wildlife populations, fostering a sense of contribution and responsibility.

Key elements in these educational experiences include:

A nature classroom where kids learn about ecosystems

Observing animal habitats and behaviors.
Learning about the food chain in local species.
Understanding the impact of pollution and conservation methods.

These elements help engrain the idea that individual actions can have cascading effects on ecosystems.

Promoting Biodiversity

Promoting biodiversity is another significant aspect of fostering a connection to nature during Earth Day Week. Biodiversity refers to the variety of life forms within a given habitat, and it is vital for ecosystem stability. A rich biodiversity leads to better resilience against environmental stressors such as climate change.

Educating children about biodiversity helps them appreciate various species' roles within their ecosystems. Activities here can include:

Creating a school garden that features native plants.
Learning about endangered species and their habitats.
Organizing community events to clean up natural spaces.

Encouraging participation in these activities promotes understanding about species interactions and the importance of preserving various life forms. Children learn to recognize that every creature plays a part in their environment, underscoring their significance in maintaining ecological balance.

Challenges in Environmental Awareness

Environmental awareness is essential, particularly as we face pressing challenges like climate change and pollution. However, there are several obstacles that hinder individuals, especially children, from fully engaging with environmental issues. Understanding these challenges can lead to better strategies for overcoming them.

Misconceptions about Environmental Issues

Many misconceptions cloud people's understanding of environmental issues. Some may believe that climate change is a distant problem, affecting future generations rather than our present world. Others think their individual actions are negligible in the grand scheme of things. This belief can dissuade them from participating in eco-friendly practices.

Consider the reality that small actions can collectively make a significant impact. Simple practices like recycling, conserving water, and reducing plastic use can help create a more sustainable environment. Programs that teach children about these practices play a vital role in reshaping their views. When children understand that their actions matter, they are more likely to develop eco-friendly habits.

Barriers to Participation

Participation in environmental initiatives is crucial. However, barriers exist that can prevent people from getting involved. Some common obstacles include lack of time, resources, or knowledge. Busy family schedules can limit parents and children from participating in community clean-ups or educational workshops, while inaccessible facilities can deter them from engaging in local environmental projects.

Additionally, there is often a gap in knowledge. Many individuals do not know where to find information about local environmental efforts or how they can contribute. Schools and community organizations must play a proactive role in providing resources and opportunities.

Creating a supportive community is also essential. When families see their neighbors engaging in environmental activities, they are more likely to join in. Highlighting local events through social media platforms like Facebook can increase visibility and reduce barriers to participation.

To foster environmental awareness, it is essential to understand misconceptions and barriers. Addressing these elements can empower individuals to take action and engage with their communities effectively.

Future Directions in Environmental Education

Environmental education is crucial today due to increasing ecological pressures and climate change. Future directions in this field will focus not only on raising awareness but also on integrating sustainability into various aspects of society. As we move forward, educational practices must adapt to engage younger generations effectively. This importance cannot be overstated, as effective environmental education can empower future leaders to make informed decisions that positively impact our planet.

Innovative Teaching Strategies

Innovative teaching strategies are key to capturing the minds of young learners. Educators should embrace methods that promote active participation. Project-based learning is one effective approach. In this method, students engage in real-world problems. They can, for example, create a recycling plan for their school or develop a native plant garden. These hands-on experiences allow students to apply their knowledge in practical contexts.

Experiential learning is another promising strategy. Organizing field trips to local parks or nature reserves can deepen children's connection to the environment. Such trips foster curiosity and respect for nature. In addition, technology can play a role, with digital resources like apps or virtual reality experiences making learning more engaging.

Outdoor classrooms also provide an immersive learning environment. They challenge traditional classroom structures and encourage exploration. Whether it is studying local wildlife or understanding the basics of weather patterns, these settings inspire creativity and critical thinking.

Sustainable Practices in Schools

Sustainable practices within schools create a culture of environmental awareness. Implementing recycling programs is a practical step most schools can take. By placing recycling bins in classrooms and cafeterias, schools can encourage students to develop good habits.

Integrating sustainability into daily operations is also essential. Schools should consider using energy-efficient lighting and appliances to minimize their carbon footprint. Moreover, schools can involve students in monitoring energy usage and planning ways to reduce it.

Gardening programs are another effective practice. Schools can establish gardens where students learn about plant biology and the benefits of local produce. This hands-on activity teaches responsibility and the importance of biodiversity.

Furthermore, partnering with local environmental organizations can enhance these efforts. Such collaborations can provide resources, knowledge, and support to reinforce the school's commitment to sustainability.

"Environmental education is not just about imparting knowledge; it's about fostering a sense of connection to the planet we inhabit."

Overall, the future of environmental education must be holistic. It should incorporate innovative teaching strategies and sustainable practices. These elements will create informed, engaged citizens ready to tackle the challenges of tomorrow.

Closure

The conclusion of this article serves as a vital summary that encapsulates the importance of Earth Day Week in fostering environmental consciousness. Through the exploration of various aspects, readers gain insights into how this observance transcends mere celebration and evolves into a critical platform for education and action. The data presented throughout the article illuminates the essential role that Earth Day Week plays in encouraging individuals, especially the younger generation, to recognize their impact on the planet and understand the importance of sustainability.

Recap of Key Insights

In this article, several key points were highlighted:

Historical Roots: Earth Day Week has a rich history that underscores its evolution into a global environmental movement. It started in the 1970s and has continued to expand its reach.
Educational Significance: The week emphasizes environmental education, guiding children and their families in learning about nature, conservation, and responsibility towards the Earth.
Community Engagement: Activities such as tree planting and clean-up events foster connections among community members while promoting collective action for environmental betterment.
Innovative Resources: Digital tools and online learning platforms enhance engagement and facilitate access to relevant information, making the learning experience more enjoyable for children.

These insights collectively reinforce the pivotal role of Earth Day Week as not just an annual event but as a catalyst for ongoing environmental stewardship.

Call to Action

As individuals, families, and educators, our responsibility extends beyond observing Earth Day Week. It is a call to adopt sustainable practices throughout the year. Here are a few actionable steps:

Engage in Local Initiatives: Participate in community clean-ups or tree-planting events at any time of the year. This builds a sense of community and commitment to improving our environment.
Educate Others: Share knowledge about environmental issues within your networks. Use digital resources to access current topics and involve children in discussions about nature.
Incorporate Sustainability: Encourage simple habits like recycling and reducing waste at home and in schools. These practices can significantly influence overall environmental impact.
Utilize Online Resources: Explore platforms like Wikipedia and Britannica for well-researched articles on environmental topics. This can facilitate deeper understanding for both children and adults.

In summary, the significance of Earth Day Week lies not only in celebration but also in the actions we take moving forward. Making a continual effort to respect and protect our planet ensures that the spirit of Earth Day Week lives on throughout the year.

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